THE COLD WAR

INNOVATIONS OF THE SECONDARY SECTOR

SPAIN'S POLITICAL ORGANIZATION

AMARÁS AL LÍDER SOBRE TODAS LAS COSAS - DOCUMENTARY

1. Do some research and explain the origin of the North-Korean communist regime.

When World War II ended in 1945, Japan lost control of Korea to Allied forces. In much the same way that Germany was split after the war, Korea was divided at the 38th parallel, with the Soviet Union administering the northern half and the United States administering the southern half.

The foreign administration of North and South Korea was intended to be temporary, and plans had been laid for free elections in the two districts. However, in 1948, Kim Il-sung, communist-aligned leader of the Korean People’s Army, convinced Soviet leaders not to allow UN authorities north of the dividing line. So the election never took place in North Korea.

By the end of 1948, two new nations had been formally established:
The Republic of Korea was established in the south, led by the democratically elected President Syngman Rhee.
The Democratic People’s Republic of Korea was declared in the north, with Kim Il-sung established as Premier (with support of the USSR).

Most US forces had left South Korea by the summer of 1949, leaving behind a weak government and inexperienced army. North Korea, on the other hand, had the financial and military backing of the USSR and China and had built up a strong army.

The separation point between the two factions — the 38th parallel — was a focus of constant bloody skirmishes for two years. Then, on June 25, 1950, North Korea made a surge into South Korea. The Korean War that followed pulled in forces from the United Nations, the United States, and China, as well as military advisors from the USSR. It lasted until 1953, when the Commander-in-Chief of UN forces, the Supreme Commander of the KPA, and the commander of the Chinese People’s Volunteers signed the Korean Armistice Agreement.

The Korean Armistice Agreement re-established the line of division at the 38th parallel, with a demilitarized zone extending two kilometers in both directions.

After the war, Kim Il-sung set out to purge North Korea of his enemies, both real and imagined. By 1961, the last vestiges of opposition to Kim had disappeared.

The organizational structure of North Korea was modeled after that of Stalinist Russia, with a large focus on military build-up and heavy industry, especially mining. Kim stuck with his Stalinist philosophy even as his communist neighbors evolved their governments.

In the 1970s, North Korean mining production had reached its peak. Sudden rises in the price of foreign oil combined with falling prices for North Korea’s native minerals hit the economy hard. Surrounding nations began building up economies based on computers and other technology, a shift that North Korea — so focused on mining and military might — was unable to keep up with. Kim made the tough decision to take on foreign debt to keep the economy afloat.

Throughout the 1970s and 1980s, relations between North and South Korea, as well as between North Korea and the rest of the world, were a veritable roller coaster. Discussions about reunifying split families, co-hosting the 1988 Seoul Olympics, and economic cooperation started, stalled, restarted, and failed. International tensions mounted, too, as North Korea announced its growing nuclear program, which included experiments in uranium enrichment, a first step in the creation of nuclear weapons.

Both North Korea and South Korea officially joined the United Nations in September 1991. The 1990s were characterized by unkept promises from North Korea to shut down or freeze various parts of its nuclear program and to allow international inspectors to examine their nuclear capabilities in exchange for oil and aid. Using their nuclear program to elicit international aid would become a common theme in the decades to come.

Kim Il-sung died of a sudden heart attack on July 8, 1994. Although the means of succession had not been strictly set down, Kim’s son, Kim Jong-il, succeeded his father by becoming the chairman of the most powerful state institution in the country, The National Defense Commission. Kim Jong-il adopted an ideology known as Songgun — “Army First” — which transformed the country from a traditional communist government to a military dictatorship.

North Korea’s nuclear ambitions were overshadowed by famine in the late 1990s after the country suffered first through horrific flooding and then through drought. Because of famine, a failing economy, and a disintegrating infrastructure, North Korea now relies on international aid to keep its citizens fed.

In 2005, North Korea announced that it had completed its first underground nuclear test, and its ongoing nuclear program continues to be a point of contention in the international community. Outcry over unconfirmed violations of human rights by the North Korean government has also stymied international acceptance.

Kim Jong-il died on December 17, 2011, and his son, Kim Jong-un, took power.


2. Find three recent news about North Korea from different digital newspapers and include the headings and the links to them.

North Korea news

President Trump to Meet Kim Jong-un of North Korea

President Trump: North Korean summit a 'mission of peace'  


3. What are the names of the North-Korean leaders mentioned in the documentary? Who is the current leader of the country?

The documentary mentioned: Kim Il Sung, Kim Jong Il and Kim Jong Un.

Kim Il Sung that was the first Supreme Leader of North Korea from its establishment in 1948 until his death in 1994 and he is considered the eternal president of the country.

His son, Kim Jong Il, was the leader of North Korea until he died after a heart attack in 2011.

And finally the current leader of the country is Kim Jong Un, Chairman of the workers' party of Korea.

4. What are the instruments used by this lidersto mantein this dictatorial regime?

The main instruments they use to maintain this dictatorial regime are the isolation of the inhabitants and the lack of real information. People are educated to think in a certain way and only believe what the leader says, moreover, this education is usually based on fake or exaggerated events or evidences. People have not access to information, there is no internet, no access to books that can go against regime, etc, and if someone question the lider, he will be punish.





5. What´s the meaning of the word "Gulag"? Where does it come from? Is there anything similar in North Korea?

The word Gulag was firstly used by a Communist Party of the Soviet Union to mention a type of concentration camp where they sent criminals but also politicians. In North Korea a Gulab is a labour forced camp for political prisoners. It seems like as a reeducation camp for those who need to correct their behaviour. A forced-labor camp for political dissidents and for people with mental or physical disabilities.



6. According to the video, what are the main characteristics of a dictatorship?


La dictadura es un estado totalitario que controla todos y cada uno de los aspectos de la personalidad humana, y lleva en su seno todas las actividades humanas en los ámbitos social, económico, político, educativo, religioso y cultural. In dictatorship only one party is allowed to exist and it is the dictator's one. Other political parties, associations and organizations are not allowed to func­tion. These are banned in any opposition to the dictator is ruthlessly suppressed.

Also, the leadership is given to a single man, full faith is to be concentrated in the leader because the leader is supposed to represent national unity, he is considered to be a symbol of national prestige. He is the final authority in every matter and his word is supreme and no criticism against himr is tolerated. People are supposed to believe and obey. The president is regarded as God on earth. The state is considered to be the end and the individual a means to that end. People are supposed to sacrifice their lives on the altar of state. Democratic slogans of liberty, equality and fraternity are replaced by slogans like duty, discipline and sacrifice.

People does not enjoy any liberty or rights under dictatorship, they are not allowed any liberty of speech, association or press. All agencies of education and propaganda such as schools, colleges, radio, papers or films are controlled by the state.

Dictators glorify war and we have seen it in the video. The dictators adopt a war-like policy and glorify brute force as the means for achieving national greatness and they also preach racialism.


7. Compare the life of a North-Korean family with your own. In addition, try to describe the life of a North-Korean teenager of your same age.

If I compare my life with the one of a North-Korean family, I realise that I am so lucky, because I can express my ideas and opinions freely, contrast any type of information, travel all around the world in order to know other cultures and form my own ideals, study what I really like, whatch TV, wear what ever I want and other things that we do in our day a day and that they can not.

LIFE EXPECTANCY

Highest life expectancy


Lowest life expentancy




Humans life expectancy is growing thanks to to medical advantages and lifestyle improvements. Our longevity has been increasing over the past century, not only the average life expectancy since 1900, but a larger number of people are living to older ages. An important datum is that developed countries have a higher life expectancy than developing ones. There are nine factors that could determine mortality and longevity. Now, I am going to analyse them.


First of all we can talk about the gender. Females, according to different studies, have a lower mortality rate than men. This has different causes, historic and genetic ones. Throughout history, men have had harder works while their women were taking care of their childs and houses, so females had a healthier life. Because genetics may play a role in nine of the top 10 causes of death, according to the Centers for Disease Control, regarding to a genetic factor we should analysed the impact of some components of women's bodies that low the risk of suffering some diseases, like estrogen, that protects them eliminating cholesterol, lowering the risk of suffering heart diseases. Both causes could be causing a lower women mortality average than in men. As a conclusion we can say that in addition of gender, there are also genetic factors that determine humans life expectancy.


Secondly, we can talk about prenatal and childhood conditions, that are usually associated with higher mortality, even at advanced ages.

In addition, the marital and the socio-economic status are very important. Regarding to Marital status, several studies confirm that married people have lower mortality rates than those who were never married, divorced or even widowed and, regarding to the socio-economic status, we can say that if you are living a bad economic situation, it could affect the access to medical care and resources in some cases. Education is related with this because higher education levels are linked to higher socio-economic status and both are linked to improved longevity. As well, ethnicity could affect mortality rates.


Talking about the lifestyle, we can say that factors as unhealthy diet, tobacco use, alcohol, obesity affect it, as well as a warmer climate is associated better health.



Finally, the advances in medical technology such as the development of antibiotics and immunizations, the surgery, the cardiac care and organs transplants and others, have all helped push the average life expectancy higher.


The countries with the biggest life expectancy that are show in the maps are: Japan, Switzerland, Singapore, Spain, Australia, Italy, Iceland, Israel, France and Sweden in the order in this order.

First, as I explained before, we can analyse gender in those countries, and conclude that women live more than men, for biological, genetic and historic causes.

On the other hand, regarding to prenatal and childhood conditions we can argue that in developed countries such as this ones, are better.

But there are more reasons that make life expectancy grow, like the marital status or socioeconomic, or the medical technology, that are very important. But the main factor which affects mortality is lifestyle, that is much better in developed countries.

On the other hand, and talking about countries that are less developed, we can say that these ones have less live expectancy, they are: Sierra Leone, Angola, Central African Republic, Chad, Côte d´Ivoire, Lesotho, Nigeria, Somalia, South Sudan and Cameroon.

There are very notable differences between developed and underdeveloped countries. Some of the most common factors of mortality in these countries are; absence of vaccines, bad nutrition and poor education in children under ten years.

Regarding to the time of being mother, motherhood will be different between the two countries, it would have difficulties. Finally talking about teenagers and adults, the type of food, the illnesses, the lifestyle are relevant. Many food they eat, most of it comes from animals that have diseases that affect human. They live in shanty villages surrounded by lot of bacterias and viruses because the lack of human rights, money and medical advantages.

ANALYSIS OF A POPULATION PYRAMID

A population pyramid is a traditional way of visualizing and explaining the age structure of a society. It is a graph that shows the structure of a society by sex and age at a given time and place.

The pyramid I am going to analyze shows us the demographic structure of country 1 in 2012.

First of all, I am going to explain the sex structure.

Females, according to different studies and as we can see in the graph, have higher life expectancy. This has different causes, historic and genetic ones. Throughout history, men have had harder works while their women were taking care of their childs and houses, so females had a healthier life. Because genetics may play a role in nine of the top 10 causes of death, according to the Centers for Disease Control, regarding to a genetic factor we should analysed the impact of some components of women's bodies that low the risk of suffering some diseases, like estrogen, that protects them eliminating cholesterol, lowering the risk of suffering heart diseases. Moreover, observing the sex ratio, we can say that more boys than girls are born, by looking the base of our pyramid, that is a datum that we can see in graphs of countries all around the world, this may be because of genetic and biologic reasons.

On the other hand, regarding to the pyramid structure, we can say that it has the expansive pyramid profile with the characteristic pagoda shape with a broad base, which indicates that the birth rate is high, and a very narrow trunk and cusp, which indicates that the life expectancy of the society is very low, the mortality is very high and society has very low aging. As a conclusion we must say that it is a not developed country in which the young population, is the highest and birth rate is very high: 39.29 ‰, the population increase in the first years of young life, but then the rate decrease, what indicates that the infant mortality rate is very large: 121.6 ‰. The adult population, is very low. This indicates that the mortality rate is very high, 14.5 ‰, with a life expectancy of 49.7 years. The elderly population is very low, so we must say that life expectancy is low.

To end, I am going to describe the transition model that is show in this pyramid.
First, we can say that the in the graph there are not important variations which means that the country follows a constant line, without ups and downs caused by wars where men would be in lower percentage. As a conclusion, and regarding to the information that we have contrasted, we can say that the country we are analyzing is in the first transition model, and it will advance to the second one, in which natality will still high, mortality will decrease and as a consequence it will have a demographic expansion and of growth.In this model, there will be investments in health, access to vaccines and medicines and water treatment, to promote the development.

CENTRAL AMERICAN MIGRATION ROUTE